Anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, Brazil / Achados anatomopatológicos de Testudines necropsiados no Distrito Federal, Brasil

In order to determine the main anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, all necropsy records performed at the "Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária" of the "Universidade de Brasília" (LPV-UnB) on Testudines during the period from January 2008 to July 2020 were reviewed. The 72 cases reviewed were grouped and classified according to species, sex, origin, season of occurrence, and diagnosis. In 69.44% of the cases the species was informed in the necropsy protocols, which included Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) and Podocnemis expansa (2%). In 30.55% of the cases this parameter was not informed and were classified only as Testudines. In 41.66% of the cases the sex was informed, being female 22.22%, male 19.44%, and 58.33% were not informed. Of these animals 79.16% were from environmental agencies and 20.84% from zoos and/or guardians. In 70.83% of the animals analyzed they were directly related to the autumn and winter seasons, with June being the most frequent month (29.17%). The conclusive diagnosis was possible in 68.05% of the cases. The category of disorders caused by injurious agents (48.97%) was the most prevalent, followed by inflammatory disorders (32.65%) and nutritional and metabolic disorders (28.57%). The main diagnoses were carapace and/or plastron fracture with 30.61%, hepatic steatosis (20.40%) and pneumonia (10.22%). Most cases of carapace or plastron fracture and hepatic steatosis occurred in animals from environmental agencies.

Com o objetivo de determinar os principais achados anatomopatológicos de Testudines necropsiados no Distrito Federal, foram revisadas todas as fichas de necropsia realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) em Testudines, durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2020. Os 72 casos revisados foram agrupados e classificados quanto à espécie, sexo, procedência, estação do ano de ocorrência e diagnóstico. Em 69,44% dos casos havia a espécie informada nos protocolos de necropsia, que incluíam Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) e Podocnemis expansa (2%). Em 30,55% dos casos não tiveram esse parâmetro informado e foram classificados apenas como Testudines. Em 41,66% casos foi informado o sexo, sendo fêmea 22,22%, macho 19,44% e não informados 58,33%. Destes animais 79,16% eram de órgão ambiental e 20,84% de zoológicos e ou tutores. Em 70,83% dos animais analisados tiveram direta relação com as estações de outono e inverno, sendo o mês de junho o mais frequente (29,17%). O diagnóstico conclusivo foi possível em 68,05% dos casos. A categoria de distúrbios causados por agentes lesivos (48,97%) foi a mais prevalente, seguido por distúrbios inflamatórios (32,65%) e dos distúrbios nutricionais e metabólicos (28,57%). Os principais diagnósticos foram fratura de carapaça e ou plastrão com 30,61%, esteatose hepática (20,40%) e pneumonia (10,22%). A maior parte dos casos de fratura de carapaça ou plastrão e de esteatose hepática ocorreram em animais provenientes de órgão ambiental.

Anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, Brazil

ABSTRACT: In order to determine the main anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, all necropsy records performed at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) on Testudines during the period from January 2008 to July 2020 were reviewed. The 72 cases reviewed were grouped and classified according to species, sex, origin, season of occurrence, and diagnosis. In 69.44% of the cases the species was informed in the necropsy protocols, which included Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) and Podocnemis expansa (2%). In 30.55% of the cases this parameter was not informed and were classified only as Testudines. In 41.66% of the cases the sex was informed, being female 22.22%, male 19.44%, and 58.33% were not informed. Of these animals 79.16% were from environmental agencies and 20.84% from zoos and/or guardians. In 70.83% of the animals analyzed they were directly related to the autumn and winter seasons, with June being the most frequent month (29.17%). The conclusive diagnosis was possible in 68.05% of the cases. The category of disorders caused by injurious agents (48.97%) was the most prevalent, followed by inflammatory disorders (32.65%) and nutritional and metabolic disorders (28.57%). The main diagnoses were carapace and/or plastron fracture with 30.61%, hepatic steatosis (20.40%) and pneumonia (10.22%). Most cases of carapace or plastron fracture and hepatic steatosis occurred in animals from environmental agencies.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de determinar os principais achados anatomopatológicos de Testudines necropsiados no Distrito Federal, foram revisadas todas as fichas de necropsia realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) em Testudines, durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2020. Os 72 casos revisados foram agrupados e classificados quanto à espécie, sexo, procedência, estação do ano de ocorrência e diagnóstico. Em 69,44% dos casos havia a espécie informada nos protocolos de necropsia, que incluíam Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) e Podocnemis expansa (2%). Em 30,55% dos casos não tiveram esse parâmetro informado e foram classificados apenas como Testudines. Em 41,66% casos foi informado o sexo, sendo fêmea 22,22%, macho 19,44% e não informados 58,33%. Destes animais 79,16% eram de órgão ambiental e 20,84% de zoológicos e ou tutores. Em 70,83% dos animais analisados tiveram direta relação com as estações de outono e inverno, sendo o mês de junho o mais frequente (29,17%). O diagnóstico conclusivo foi possível em 68,05% dos casos. A categoria de distúrbios causados por agentes lesivos (48,97%) foi a mais prevalente, seguido por distúrbios inflamatórios (32,65%) e dos distúrbios nutricionais e metabólicos (28,57%). Os principais diagnósticos foram fratura de carapaça e ou plastrão com 30,61%, esteatose hepática (20,40%) e pneumonia (10,22%). A maior parte dos casos de fratura de carapaça ou plastrão e de esteatose hepática ocorreram em animais provenientes de órgão ambiental.

Anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, Brazil / Achados anatomopatológicos de Testudines necropsiados no Distrito Federal, Brasil

In order to determine the main anatomopathological findings of Testudines necropsied in the Distrito Federal, all necropsy records performed at the "Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária" of the "Universidade de Brasília" (LPV-UnB) on Testudines during the period from January 2008 to July 2020 were reviewed. The 72 cases reviewed were grouped and classified according to species, sex, origin, season of occurrence, and diagnosis. In 69.44% of the cases the species was informed in the necropsy protocols, which included Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) and Podocnemis expansa (2%). In 30.55% of the cases this parameter was not informed and were classified only as Testudines. In 41.66% of the cases the sex was informed, being female 22.22%, male 19.44%, and 58.33% were not informed. Of these animals 79.16% were from environmental agencies and 20.84% from zoos and/or guardians. In 70.83% of the animals analyzed they were directly related to the autumn and winter seasons, with June being the most frequent month (29.17%). The conclusive diagnosis was possible in 68.05% of the cases. The category of disorders caused by injurious agents (48.97%) was the most prevalent, followed by inflammatory disorders (32.65%) and nutritional and metabolic disorders (28.57%). The main diagnoses were carapace and/or plastron fracture with 30.61%, hepatic steatosis (20.40%) and pneumonia (10.22%). Most cases of carapace or plastron fracture and hepatic steatosis occurred in animals from environmental agencies.(AU)

Com o objetivo de determinar os principais achados anatomopatológicos de Testudines necropsiados no Distrito Federal, foram revisadas todas as fichas de necropsia realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) em Testudines, durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2020. Os 72 casos revisados foram agrupados e classificados quanto à espécie, sexo, procedência, estação do ano de ocorrência e diagnóstico. Em 69,44% dos casos havia a espécie informada nos protocolos de necropsia, que incluíam Phrynops geoffroanus (38%), Trachemys dorbigni (36%), Chelonoidis carbonaria (14%), Chelonoidis denticulata (10%) e Podocnemis expansa (2%). Em 30,55% dos casos não tiveram esse parâmetro informado e foram classificados apenas como Testudines. Em 41,66% casos foi informado o sexo, sendo fêmea 22,22%, macho 19,44% e não informados 58,33%. Destes animais 79,16% eram de órgão ambiental e 20,84% de zoológicos e ou tutores. Em 70,83% dos animais analisados tiveram direta relação com as estações de outono e inverno, sendo o mês de junho o mais frequente (29,17%). O diagnóstico conclusivo foi possível em 68,05% dos casos. A categoria de distúrbios causados por agentes lesivos (48,97%) foi a mais prevalente, seguido por distúrbios inflamatórios (32,65%) e dos distúrbios nutricionais e metabólicos (28,57%). Os principais diagnósticos foram fratura de carapaça e ou plastrão com 30,61%, esteatose hepática (20,40%) e pneumonia (10,22%). A maior parte dos casos de fratura de carapaça ou plastrão e de esteatose hepática ocorreram em animais provenientes de órgão ambiental.(AU)

Efecto del nivel de complementación con metionina-colina en vacas Holstein durante el periodo de transición sobre las concentraciones hepáticas de triglicéridos, colina y carnitina / Effect of the level of complementation with methionine-coline in Holstein cows during the transitional period on the hepatic concentrations of triglycerides, choline and carnitine

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de evaluar el potencial lipotropics de metionina-colina en vacas lecheras durante el periodo de transición, dosis de 20 g/d de una Fuente Comercial Protegida de la Degradación Ruminal (FCPDR) de metionina y sus combinaciones con una FCPDR de colina en dosis de 60 y 120 g/d se suministraron a vacas entre el día 260 de gestación y el día 20 posparto. Estas pastoreaban kikuyo (Cenchrus clamdestinus) y recibieron un complemento alimenticio. En los días 270 de gestación y 10 y 20 posparto se cuantificaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNES), β-Hidroxibutirato (BHB) y triglicéridos (TG), así como las concentraciones hepáticas de triacilglicéridos, de colina, carnitina total, carnitina libre y acil carnitina. Durante el preparto se presentaron los valores significativamente más altos (p < 0.05) de TG plasmáticos y los significativamente más bajos (p < 0.05) de AGNES y BHB. Las concentraciones hepáticas de TG, de colina y de las diferentes formas de carnitina no difirieron significativamente entre periodos de muestreo y no se vieron afectadas por la suplementación con metionina-colina. Por su parte, las concentraciones plasmáticas de BHB aumentaron significativamente (p < 0.05) con la suplementación conjunta de metionina y colina, lo que sugiere un aumento en la oxidación de ácidos grasos. Se concluye que con concentraciones bajas de AGNES la metionina y colina no son nutrientes limitantes para la exportación de TG desde el hígado a la sangre. Bajo esta condición no se observó lipidosis hepática y como consecuencia la suplementación con metionina-colina no ocasionó efectos significativos sobre las concentraciones hepáticas de TG.

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the lipotropic potential of methionine-coline in dairy cows during the transition period, the effect of supplementation with 20 g / d of a Ruminal Degradation Protected Commercial Source (FCPDR) of methionine was evaluated, and their combinations with a choline FCPDR in doses of 60 and 120 g / day. Cows grazed kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) and received a nutritional supplement between day 260 of gestation and day 20 postpartum. On day 270 of gestation and on days 10 and 20 postpartum blood samples and liver biopsy were taken, in which were quantified: Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFAS), β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and Triglycerides; And hepatic concentrations of triacylglycerides, choline, total carnitine, free carnitine and acyl carnitine. The highest values (p < 0.05) of plasma triglycerides and the significantly lower values (p < 0.05) of AGNES and BHB were presented during the prepartum. Hepatic concentrations of triglycerides, choline and different forms of carnitine did not differ significantly between sampling periods, and were unaffected by methionine-choline supplementation. Plasma concentrations of BHB increased significantly (p < 0.05) with co-supplementation with methionine and choline, suggesting an increase in fatty acid oxidation. At relatively low concentrations of AGNES, methionine and choline are not limiting nutrients for the exportation of triglycerides from the liver to the blood, therefore under this condition no hepatic lipidosis was observed and consequently methionine-choline supplementation did not cause significant effects on hepatic triglyceride concentrations.

Diagnostic laparoscopy in a leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) with intercostal abdominal hernia and hepatic lipidosis

Intercostal abdominal hernia in the 11th intercostal space was identified in a leopard cat. Although mild leukopenia was found in laboratory examinations, no remarkable abnormality was revealed in medical imaging. To investigate abdominal organs, diagnostic laparoscopy was performed after hernia repair. In laparoscopic view, closure of the herniation site and a lesion with whitish discoloration in the liver (left medial lobe) were observed. Subsequently, laparoscopic liver biopsy was performed against the affected hepatic tissue. Histologically, the sample was diagnosed as mild hepatic lipidosis. Laparoscopy is considered useful for abdominal visceral examination and liver biopsy in a leopard cat patient.

Extraction, quantification and distribution of the major lipid fractions in small liver biopsies of cows in transition period / Extracción, cuantificación y distribución de las principales fracciones lipídicas en pequeñas biopsias de hígado de vacas en el periodo de transición / Extracão, quantificação e distribuição das principais frações lipídicas em pequenas biópsias de fígado de vacas em período de transição

There are difficulties in understanding changes in the distribution of the major lipid fractions in the liver of dairy cows due to the need for invasive techniques for sampling and relatively large quantities of sample needed for analysis. The objective of this research was to integrate a method for extracting total lipid (TL) with the enzymatic determination of its fractions in small biopsies. Liver biopsies from 60 Holstein cows in the transition period (between day 270 of gestation and 20 postpartum) underwent TL extraction using Hexane-Isopropanol mixture. TL obtained was dissolved in hexane, several aliquots of different volumes were used for the enzymatic determination of: triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA). The amount of liver sample used was 49.6 mg ± 18.45mg (Mean ± Standar Deviation). The average was 7.20% TL. The average coefficient of variation (CV) in TL extraction was 7.62%. TL. TG, PL, TC and FFA represented 52.5%; 18.30%; 19.30% and 0.41% respectively of the TL. CV for enzimatic determinations of TG, PL, TC and FFA were: 5.2%; 9.9%; 6.1% and 4.0% respectively, indicating that this method is suitable for determination of lipid fractions in small liver samples. High correlation coefficient was observed between TL and TG (0.96); while for TL and PL was -0.42; and for TL and TC -0.62; It is indicating that the increase in hepatic lipid occurred mainly in the TG fraction and consequently showed a relative decrease in the fractions PL and TC.

Existen dificultades para conocer los cambios en la distribución de las principales fracciones lipídicas en el hígado de las vacas lecheras debido a la necesidad de técnicas invasivas para su muestreo y de cantidades relativamente grandes de muestra para su análisis. El objetivo de esta investigación fue integrar un método para la extracción de lípidos totales (LT) con la determinación enzimática de sus diferentes fracciones en pequeñas biopsias. Biopsias hepáticas provenientes de 60 vacas Holstein en el periodo de transición (entre el día 270 de gestación y 20 posparto) fueron sometidas a la extracción de LT utilizando una mezcla Hexano-Isopropanol. Los LT obtenidos fueron disueltos en hexano, varias alícuotas de diferentes volúmenes fueron utilizados para la determinación enzimática de: triglicéridos (TG), fosfolípidos (FL), Colesterol total (CT) y Ácidos Grasos Libres (AGL). La cantidad de muestra hepática utilizada fue 49.6 mg ±18.45mg (Media ± Desviación estándar). El promedio de LT fue 7.20%. El coeficiente promedio de variación (CV) en la extracción de LT fue 7,62%. Los TG, FL, CT y AGL representaron el: 52,5%; 18,30%; 19,30% y 0.41% de los LT respectivamente. Los CV para las determinaciones enzimáticas de TG, FL, CT y AGL fueron: 5,2%; 9,9%; 6,1% y 4,0% respectivamente, indicando que la determinación de las principales fracciones lipídicas en pequeñas biopsias de hígado se puede realizar de manera confiable a partir de una única muestra. Se observó un coeficiente de correlación alto entre: LT y TG (0,96); mientras que para LT y FL fue de -0,42; y para LT y CT de -0,62; lo que indicó que el aumento en los lípidos hepáticos ocurrió principalmente en la fracción TG, y en consecuencia presentó una disminución relativa en la fracciones FL y CT.

Há dificuldades para compreender mudanças na distribuição das principais frações lipídicas no fígado de vacas leiteiras, devido à necessidade de técnicas invasivas para a amostragem e quantidades relativamente grandes de amostra necessárias para análise. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de integrar um método para extrair lipídios totais (LT) com a determinação enzimática de suas frações em pequenas biopsias de fígado. As biópsias do fígado de 60 vacas da raça Holandesa no período de transição (entre o dia 270 de gestação e 20 pós-parto) foram submetidos a extração de LT usando mistura hexano-isopropanol. LT obtido foi dissolvido em hexano, foram usadas várias aliquotas de volumes diferentes para a determinação enzimática de: triglicéridos (TG), fosfolipidos (FL), colesterol total (CT) e os ácidos gordos livres (AGL). A quantidade de amostra utilizada fígado foi de 49,6 mg ±18.45mg (Média ± desvio padrão). A média dé % de LT foi de 7,20. O coeficiente médio de variação (CV) na extração de LT foi 7,62%. TG, FL, CT e AGL representou 52,5%; 18,30%; 19,30% e 0,41%, respectivamente, da LT. CV para determinação enzimática de TG, FL, CT e AGL foram: 5,2%; 9,9%; 6,1% e 4,0%, respectivamente, indicando que este método é adequado para a determinação das fracções de lipídios em pequenas amostras de fígado. Foram observados altos coeficientes de correlação entre LT e TG (0,96); ao passo que para LT e FL foi -0,42; e para LT e CT foi -0,62; indicando que o aumento no lipídio hepático ocorre principalmente na fracção de TG e, consequentemente se apresentou uma diminuição relativa nas fracções FL e CT

Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows

Blood indicators are used as a tool to diagnose metabolic disorders. The present work was conducted to study the relationships among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function in high-yielding dairy cows. Two groups of Holstein cows were studied: 27 early lactation cows and 14 mid lactation cows from four different herds with similar husbandry characteristics in Galicia, Spain. Blood samples were obtained to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Cows in early lactation had higher levels of BHB and NEFA than mid lactation cows. High lipomobilization (NEFA > 400 micromol/L) was detected in 67% and 7% of early lactation and mid lactation cows, respectively, while subclinical ketosis (BHB > 1.2 mmol/L) was detected in 41% and 28% of the early lactation and lactation cows, respectively. TG concentrations were low in all cows suffering subclinical ketosis and in 61% of the cows with high lipomobilization. During early lactation, 30% of cows suffered hepatic lipidosis as detected by levels of AST. Compromised hepatic function was observed in early lactation cows as shown by lower concentrations of glucose, total protein, and urea.